Archive for the “hydroponics” Category

gardening with water and nutrients

This effort was brought about by a desire to grow strawberries using a hydroponic recycle system.  It should be noted that this entails mixing water and electricity (do be careful) to drive a fountain pump capable of at least a 7 foot lift – the distance from the bottom of the reservoir/bucket to the top of the main shaft.  The actual capability of the pump however must be 8+ feet.  An additional foot of lift is added due to water resistance within the supply line.  What follows is, I hope, a fairly detailed discussion of the design and setup.  This design could be modified and result in improvements. Should I undertake another build maybe the design will change because of lessons learned.  The water distribution side is simply "get the water high enough and let gravity distribute through several lines to the "grow pots" ".  Here goes:

DSCN0036 This design consists of three main components moving right to left in this picture:  the reclamation side (1 1/2 pipe and various fittings), the supply side ( 1/2 pipe with different fittings on each end, and a pond pump capable of an 8 foot lift – yours could be less or more depending on the total hight from bottom of the reservoir to the top of the supply line), and the gravity distribution side on the left most side (1/2 pipe utilizing threaded couplings – a lot more forgiving when it comes to aligning the "ends" to the "grow pots").  I say gravity distribution because fountain pumps are designed to lift water and not the provide high pressure within the lines.  I had tried a drip distribution head with 4 1/8" tubes but the water flow was not adequate nor reliable because the system lacked  pressure. Now for a closer look at each of these components. 

This is the RECLAMATION side. 

 
 reclamation It consists primarily of 1 1/2" pvc line, 1/2" right angle couplings, 4 "T" couplings (1 1/2 X 1 1/2 X 1 1/2 slip), 2 "T" couplings (1 1/2 X 1 1/2 slip X 1/2 threaded  – top and bottom of picture), 4 4"x3" reducers, 4 3" x        1 1/2" bushings, and 4 6" sections of 4" diameter pipe. The two "Ts" at the bottom and top having a 1/2" threaded side are used later for the erection of netting to protect the fruit should this miracle ever happen.

 

DSCN0049 Lets take a closer look at the grow pots.  In the picture to the left you can see:  a 6" section of pipe glued to a 4" to 3" fitting.  Protruding from the 3" side is a 3" to 1 1/2" bushing which connects to 1 1/2 pipe into a 90 degree elbow and over to a 1 1/2" "T".    All water from the distribution side flows into these grow pots and is reclaimed in the 1 1/2" pipes and returned to the bucket at the base where it is oxygenated by "falling" and then recycled. 

The SUPPLY side.

 
 supplysupply_head supply_tail

It consists of 1/2" pvc tubing with unique connectors on both the head and tail ends.  This entire assembly goes "inside" the reclamation component (see later picture). In the center picture to the left you have a 1/2 slip threaded nipple to a 1/2 threaded/threaded coupling.  The distribution "T" will screw into this part at the top of the tree. In the right picture you have 3 pieces:  1/2 inch slip/thread to a 1/2 threaded barb, and 1/2 flex tubing which connects to the output side of the pump.

DSCN0055

 

This picture shows the supply component being inserted into the reclamation component. 

DSCN0054 In the picture to the left the supply component has been fully inserted into the reclamation component with only the flexible 1/2 pump connection line protruding.

DSCN0045 This is the "top" of the reclamation component.

DSCN0057 This is looking down into the "top" of the reclamation component.  What is not clear is that in the center is the 1/2 threaded part of the supply line.  The next picture might be a bit more helpful.

DSCN0056 This part accepts the "T-head" which is part of the distribution component as seen in the next picture in this sequence.
t-head This is the "T-head" which drops down into the top of the reclamation component and screws into the 1/2 threaded female nipple on the top of the supply component.

The DISTRIBUTION side.

 
DSCN0040 The ends of these 4 lines dump water "lifted" to the "T-head on the supply side to each of the grow pots.  It looks painful but the critical points are the two "Ts" and the top.  If either should be cocked to one side or the other then gravity would favor that side and plants would not get an equal supply of water/nutrients.  In a pressurized system it would not matter since both sides would be "forced" into receiving equal distribution.

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DSCN0422DSCN0423 This morning I noticed that the plant utilizing the splash method (air pumped through an airstone) was looking a bit wilted.  I assumed it was due to the plant not getting sufficient water.  I pulled some water from the bucket through the fill tube indicator shown in the picture below and poured it around the plant.  I would say that within an hour the plant perked up so I decided to go with this “halo” approach -   A pump in the bottom of the bucket pumps water with nutrients up into this “halo” ring where it drips out through the small pins on the inside of the ring.  It then drips down through the hydroton and is reclaimed and recycled again.  If you double click on either of these images you can see the water exiting through the inside of the ring. 
 
I also show the fill tube indicator and the blue airstone hose in the second picture. The air pump also comes on to oxygenate the water in the bottom of the bucket.  Not sure if this is absolutely necessary but …. Unlike the aerator/splash system which ran 24 hours a day, this pump/aerator combination runs for two minutes every 20 minutes.  I had to wire in an X10 module at the outside outlet so that Misterhouse (a Linux home automation app) could control the pump for this  periodicity. In this setup should you need to clean the inside of the bucket or change water just lift out the basket with airline, halo tube, and pump attached, transfer to another bucket with fresh water and nutrients (ph balanced of course) and your done.  You can always drain some water through the fill indicator tube and test for ph. 
DSCN0006 06/08/09 – two weeks later than the pics above and the hydro tomato is catching up.  Lifting out the web basket revealed a strong and rapidly growing root system

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DSCN0417 The setup.  A black bucket with a black basket insert.  Both are available at the hydroponics shop on 192 in Melbourne, Fl.  In the background a cinder block with section of 4 inch pipe and two 45 degree fittings – one on each end.  This houses an aquarium aerator/pump.  Because this unit is rated indoor use only so I had to “weather protect” it, hence the pipe.  It holds the aerator pump and provides air flow for cooling and pumping.  This aerator pumps air 24 hours a day through the blue tubing into two aquarium airstones in the bottom of the bucket.  The resultant “splashing” keeps the clay material wet in the bottom of the basket thereby providing water and nutrients.  The water has a hydroponic rated liquid fertilizer mixed with it and adjusted for a ph of between 5.5 ~ 6.5. 
DSCN0418 This shows a tomato plant (bare roots after washing off the soil) immersed in hydroton (basically clay balls).  Hydroton must be prewashed until the water runs clear before using or it will effect the water quality and ph. 
DSCN0416  A top down view.  Note the air line.  If the “aerator splash” does not provide sufficient water the keep the hydroton wet at the bottom of the basket the plant’s roots will dry and the plant will die.  This would then force a redesign involving a recirculating system where two bucket are connected and water is pumped from the second bucket into the top of this bucket where it drips through the hydroton and pulled into the second bucket by the interconnect.  Stay tuned.  Hopefully this will not be necessary.

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Saw a couple of earth boxes and a local nursery (Sun Harbor Nursery) on the beach so I decided to buy one and give it a try.  What amazed me is that just about anything can be grown in these things.  For example, in addition to the standard – tomatoes, I saw watermelons, corn, beans, and peas.  You usually cannot mix different produce like tomatoes and peppers for example so that might be considered negative, but just two tomatoes plants in these boxes produce an enormous amount of fruit.  That can also be said about any other type of produce.  The box containing watermelons was incredible.  No these were not the “standard” watermelon, but a smaller variety about the size of a duckpin bowling ball.  There were about 10 of these things hanging from the netting on this one box.  This nursery sells just the box or the box with the polls and netting.  Either way I believe it comes with casters so that you easily roll it around on a patio.  If you buy the poles/netting kit it comes with some “out riggers” for added stability in the wind and two additional wheels.  The complete kit pictured below included the soil, fertilizer, netting/poles,  and two tomatoe plants.  Pictured below is my setup.

 

DSCN0406 This is looking down into the box with the supporting polls and netting installed.  You should notice:  1.  that there is a black perforated grid that rests above the bottom of the box, 2.  that in the top/back left and right corners are two square holes and 3.  in the front right corner is a water fill tube.  You pack the two square rear holes with damp potting mix being sure it is all the way to the bottom.  This will provide two wick chambers for drawing water from beneath the black grate for irrigating whatever plants you have selected. Once the two rear corners have been filled you then begin filling the box with soil and nutrients.  I won’t go into the entire process here because the kit comes with a complete set of instructions and they vary slightly based upon the type of plants selected.  The process basically falls into filling the two rear wick chambers, layering dirt, layering dolomite, more dirt, then forming a trench for fertilizer (location of the trench varies by the number of plants bought and by the type of plants), more dirt to top off the box, and finally plastic cover to retain moisture and keep out weeds, followed by the plants themselves. 
DSCN0408 This is the fully assembled kit with support netting and the extra wide caster set necessary when using the netting.  The potting mix, fertilizer and dolomite was added following the kits instructions and was not included in this series of pictures.  
DSCN0411 This is the completed kit with all components “assembled”.  I chose tomatoes so you can see that only two plants are required.  In this picture you can see the water fill tube in the rear left corner.  You need to fill this tube on a daily basis.  You need not be concerned with over watering because there is an overflow tube to the right of the fill tube.  So just keep adding water until you see it exiting the overflow tube, then stop.  You are set for the day.  Now sit back and watch it happen.  You might notice in the background is a tomato plant that is about two months old.  While it is producing fruit it has not grown very much.  This grow box should completely fill with tomatoes from these two plants.  Stay tuned for more pics tracking the progress of this kit.
DSCN0419DSCN0420 May 22, showing growth and note the stalk size!!!
DSCN0004 06/08/09 – gettin bigger but some yellowing of he lower leaves.  Could it be the result of all of the rain we have had?  Not sure.  Could be an iron problem the result of to high a ph. 

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